What does empirical data refer to?

Empirical data refers to information that is based on observation or experience rather than theory or pure logic. This type of data is collected through direct observation, experimentation, and measurement in the real world, making it verifiable and reliable. Because empirical data can be tested and confirmed, it serves as a solid foundation for drawing conclusions in scientific inquiry, including fire investigations. Using empirical data allows investigators to rely on actual events and phenomena rather than assumptions or theoretical models, which enhances the accuracy and credibility of their findings.

In this context, the other options present limitations that do not align with the definition of empirical data. Data that is purely theoretical lacks practical observation and, therefore, cannot be considered empirical. Data derived solely from calculations may not reflect real-world observations and experiences, which disallows it from being classified as empirical. Data collected from government sources may contain empirical information, but it isn’t exclusively defined as such, since government publications may also include theoretical data or be based on second-hand reports rather than direct observation.